What is USD Coin (USDC)?
USD Coin (USDC) is a regulated US-dollar stablecoin issued by Circle, a payments infrastructure company headquartered in Boston. Each USDC token is backed one-to-one by dollar reserves held at regulated financial institutions, and Circle publishes monthly attestations from a Big Four accounting firm.
USDC was launched in 2018 and has grown to become the second-largest stablecoin by market cap. It is natively available on more than fifteen chains and is a default settlement asset inside most DeFi protocols, institutional on-ramps and cross-border payment products.
How does USDC maintain its peg?
USDC is backed by a reserve of cash and short-duration US Treasuries. Circle mints new USDC when institutional users deposit dollars, and redeems USDC for dollars at par when they withdraw. The transparency of reserves, regulatory reporting and Circle's BitLicense mean institutional holders generally treat USDC as equivalent to commercial bank money.
The peg is maintained economically through arbitrage: any deviation from $1 on secondary markets creates an instant profit opportunity for professional desks who mint or redeem directly with Circle. The peg did briefly wobble during the March 2023 SVB event, but was restored within days.